Sex Differences in Cortical Thickness and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Burden Based on <i>APOE4</i> Homozygosity in Alzheimer's Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sex differences in patterns of cortical thickness and neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) burden were examined among individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and two copies (homozygote carriers) of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein gene (APOE). A total of 752 participants with a clinical etiologic diagnosis of AD were selected from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database. Bayesian multilevel regression was used to examine both the within- and between-sex differences in gray-matter cortical thickness and total NPS burden associated with APOE homozygosity. Female homozygote carriers displayed a high probability of having reduced cortical thickness primarily in medial-lateral temporal regions and a greater burden of NPS, relative to both non-homozygous females and homozygous males. These findings support the notion that APOE4 status affects cortical thickness and symptom burden in men and women with AD differentially, with females showing more pronounced effects in brain areas known to be vulnerable in early AD. Future investigations should attempt to elucidate the proposed pattern of decline longitudinally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".