The Effect of Intimate Partner Violence on Child Undernutrition in Zambia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical global issue affecting millions of individuals and constitutes a serious violation of human rights. In Zambia, an estimated 41% of women aged 15–49 years have experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at least once in their lifetime. This study assessed the effect of mothers’ experience of IPV on child undernutrition in Zambia. We analyzed data pooled from three rounds of nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys (Zambia Demographic and Health Survey: ZDHS-2007, ZDHS-2013/14, and ZDHS-2018), including 29 817 children under 5 years of age. Results from multivariate multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that mothers’ exposure to emotional violence significantly increased the likelihood of stunting among girls (OR = 1.145, p = 0.037). The negative effects of mothers’ exposure to IPV were confirmed for both less severe and severe violence on girls’ stunting (OR = 1.214, p = 0.001 and OR = 1.230, p = 0.011, respectively). Nonetheless, mothers’ experience of IPV had no significant effects on underweight or wasting among girls, nor on any indicator of undernutrition among boys. Protecting mothers from IPV could be beneficial for improving child development in Zambia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".