Early Pleistocene glacier ice preserved in permafrost in the eastern Canadian Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Extensive amounts of glacier ice can be buried and preserved in the permafrost for thousands to millions of years under favorable conditions. Here, we combine sedimentological, cryostratigraphic, and geochemical techniques together with radiocarbon and paleomagnetic dating to show that relict early Pleistocene glacier ice was preserved in the permafrost on Bylot Island (Nunavut). The buried glacial ice sits on top of a 2.8–2.4 Ma fossil forest deposit, and the glacio-fluvial sediments overlying the ice has normal-reversed-normal magnetic polarities, suggesting that the ice was in place since at least 0.773 Ma. As such, this represents the oldest glacier ice preserved in Arctic permafrost landscapes and the earliest evidence of a Pleistocene glaciation in the eastern Canadian Arctic. The findings highlight the resiliency of ice-rich permafrost to degradation; however, the ongoing climate warming and/or recent geomorphic disturbances have now exposed the early Pleistocene age buried glacial ice to melting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".