An Amorphous-to-Anatase Phase Transition Study of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes by Temperature-Dependent Synchrotron-Based In Situ X-ray Diffraction
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) with amorphous and crystalline structures have attracted interest due to their wide range of applications, particularly black TiO 2, which addresses the limitations of conventional TiO 2 (a wide band gap of 3.0–3.2 eV). Understanding the amorphous-to-anatase phase transition is crucial for phase control of crystalline TiO 2 . This study investigates the size-dependent phase transition behavior of TiO 2 and black TiO 2 NTs using temperature-dependent synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction. Thermal treatments reveal that phase transitions occur in the ranges of 210–240 °C for normal NTs and 270–300 °C for black NTs. The onset temperature and crystallization growth are dependent on size, especially NT length, at least in the system under investigation. We observe anisotropic crystallization in quantum confinement, with the unit cell undergoing compression in the a -axis and expansion in the c -axis during crystallization. The longest black NTs (BV50T4) show a significant difference in the c / a ratio. Defects, such as oxygen vacancies, localize on specific NT planes.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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