An Amorphous-to-Anatase Phase Transition Study of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes by Temperature-Dependent Synchrotron-Based In Situ X-ray Diffraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) with amorphous and crystalline structures have attracted interest due to their wide range of applications, particularly black TiO 2, which addresses the limitations of conventional TiO 2 (a wide band gap of 3.0–3.2 eV). Understanding the amorphous-to-anatase phase transition is crucial for phase control of crystalline TiO 2 . This study investigates the size-dependent phase transition behavior of TiO 2 and black TiO 2 NTs using temperature-dependent synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction. Thermal treatments reveal that phase transitions occur in the ranges of 210–240 °C for normal NTs and 270–300 °C for black NTs. The onset temperature and crystallization growth are dependent on size, especially NT length, at least in the system under investigation. We observe anisotropic crystallization in quantum confinement, with the unit cell undergoing compression in the a -axis and expansion in the c -axis during crystallization. The longest black NTs (BV50T4) show a significant difference in the c / a ratio. Defects, such as oxygen vacancies, localize on specific NT planes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".