Quality of Life and Outcomes Associated with Adverse Effects in Pediatric Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Their Parents/Caregivers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To assess quality of life and outcomes associated with adverse effects (AEs) in pediatric patients receiving pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their parents/caregivers. Methods: An online survey was conducted (10/13/2023–10/20/2023) among parents/caregivers recruited from Dynata’s U.S. panel who lived with a pediatric patient (6–17 years) currently treated for ADHD. Patient and parent/caregiver characteristics and outcomes were descriptively reported. Patients were considered to have AEs if they experienced symptoms/complications in the past 30 days that appeared, worsened, or remained unchanged after initiating their latest ADHD treatment. Regression analyses were used to estimate correlations between the number of AEs and key outcomes, including patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL; based on the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) and parents/caregivers’ work and activity impairments (based on Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: Caregiver) and mental health (based on Patient Health Questionnaire-4). Results: A total of 401 parents/caregivers from all U.S. regions completed the survey (caregiver median age: 38 years, 58.9% female; patient median age: 11 years; 37.7% female). In the 30 days prior to data collection, 66.8% of patients had AEs (overall mean: 1.2 AEs), with insomnia/sleep disturbances and decreased appetite/weight loss being the most frequently reported (14.2% and 11.7%, respectively). The number of AEs was significantly correlated with reduced patient’s HRQoL (including reduced physical, emotional, and school functioning), increased parent/caregiver’s work and activity impairment, and a higher likelihood of parents/caregivers having generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder, respectively (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: AEs are common among pediatric patients receiving pharmacological treatment for ADHD and are associated with poorer quality of life and outcomes in pediatric patients and their parents/caregivers. Therapies with better safety profiles may help improve patient’s HRQoL and parent/caregiver outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".