The twisted jets and magnetic fields of the extended radio galaxy 4C 70.19
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. The appearance of the jets and lobes of some radio galaxies makes it difficult to assign them to a known class of objects. This is often due to the activity of the central engine and/or interactions with the environment, as well as projection effects. Aims. We analyse the radio data for an apparently asymmetric radio source 4C 70.19, which is associated with the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 6048. The source shows distorted radio jets and lobes, one of which bends by 180°. The aim of our study is to explain the nature of the observed distortions. Methods. We used LOFAR, Effelsberg, and VLA radio data in a wide range of frequencies. At high frequencies, we also used radio polarimetry to study the properties of the magnetic fields. Additionally, we made use of optical, infra-red, and X-ray data. Results. Polarisation data suggest shearing of the magnetic fields at points where the jets bend. The low-frequency LOFAR map at 145 MHz, as well as the sensitive single-dish Effelsberg map at 8.35 GHz, reveal previously undetected diffuse emission around the source. The rotation measure (RM) derived from the polarimetric data allowed us to estimate the density of the medium surrounding the source, which agrees with typical densities of the intergalactic medium or the outer parts of insterstellar halos. Conclusions. We propose that the southern jet is bent in the same manner as the northern one, but that it is inclined to the sky plane. Both these bends are likely caused by the orbital motion within the galaxy group, as well as interactions with the intergalactic medium. Our analyses suggest that, despite its complex morphology, 4C 70.19 seems to be intrinsically symmetric with a physical extent of up to 600 kpc, and that the diffuse emission detected in our high-sensitivity maps is related to radio plumes that are expanding behind the source.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".