Synergistic and Broad-Spectrum Efficacy of Phenylacetate and Acetophenone Combination Against Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food may lead to cancer and is caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, we discovered that two natural products, phenylacetate and acetophenone, inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi of agricultural importance. Using disc diffusion assays, we observed that both chemicals demonstrated antifungal activity against mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus . The efficacies of acetophenone and phenylacetate synergized against A. flavus and four additional mycotoxin-producing fungi such as A. parasiticus, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. verticillioides . Using growth kinetic assay, we observed that phenylacetate and acetophenone inhibited growth rates of human fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and C. auris . High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aflatoxins extracted from A. flavus demonstrated that acetophenone treatment inhibited the production of aflatoxins, while phenylacetate did not have such an effect. This study identifies the phenylacetate–acetophenone combination as a potential antifungal for the mycotoxin-producing fungal treatment of food.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".