Effects of 3′-Sialyllactose on Symptom Improvement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: 3′-Sialyllactose (3′-SL), a human milk oligosaccharide, has anti-inflammatory effects and is demonstrated to have protective effects against osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro and in vivo. However, this hypothesis remains to be investigated in a clinical setting. Herein, we investigated the effects of 3′-SL on pain and physical function in patients with knee OA. Methods: Sixty patients with knee OA with Kellgren and Lawrence grades (KL-grades) 1–4 and Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (KWOMAC) scores ≥30 were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 20), 3′-SL 200 mg (n = 20), and 3′-SL 600 mg (n = 20) groups. For 12 weeks, 3′-SL or placebo was administered to patients once a day. Clinical efficacy was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and KWOMAC for physical function at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks. Adverse effects were assessed for 12 weeks. Results: Significant reductions in VAS and KWOMAC scores were observed at 12 weeks compared with the baseline in the 3′-SL group. No severe adverse effects were observed over 12 weeks. Conclusions: 3′-SL reduced pain in patients with knee OA, improved daily life movements, and was safe, suggesting that 3′-SL might be an effective treatment for knee OA without severe side effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".