Relationship between homocysteine levels, vitamin D and cognitive function in persons with intellectual disability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the article is to determine the relationship between homocysteine in the plasma, vitamin D (VitD) in the serum and cognitive abilities in persons with mild intellectual disability (ID) in different age groups.Methods In a cross-sectional, observational study including younger and older participants with mild ID, a cognitive assessment was performed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and blood samples were taken to assess plasma homocysteine and serum VitD levels.Results A total of 60 persons with mild ID were included in the study, of whom 30 were aged 9–16 and 30 were aged 35–62 years old. Increased plasma homocysteine values were detected in 85% of cases and reduced serum VitD levels in 90% of cases. Older participants had significantly higher homocysteine values than younger ones (t(58) = −4.19; p = 0.00; d = 1.082), while younger participants had significantly more pronounced VitD deficiency than older ones (t(58) = −3.91; p = 0.00; d = 1.011). A significant correlation between cognition and VitD values was found in older participants (r = −0.424, p = 0.020).Conclusions A substantial proportion of individuals with ID, both children and adults, have increased total homocysteine (tHcy) plasma levels and insufficient VitD serum, but the clinical significance of these findings remains to be determined. Homocysteine and VitD have not been found to have a protective effect on cognition among persons with mild ID.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".