Effects of urbanization on diet in eastern chipmunks (<i>Tamias striatus</i>) as determined by stable isotopes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urban environments offer wildlife a consistent supply of anthropogenic food waste, divergent from natural food sources in nutrient composition. This study investigates the dietary impact of urbanization on eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus (Linnaeus, 1758)) by analyzing stable isotope signatures (∂13C and ∂15N) in their hair. The hypothesis posits that chipmunks in urban locales consume more corn-based and high-protein foods, reflected in elevated isotopic signatures compared to their rural counterparts. Sampling encompassed 20 sites across Sudbury, Ontario, varying in urbanization levels. Urbanization was gauged via surveys capturing human activity and sources of anthropogenic food waste. Contrary to expectations, chipmunks did not exhibit δ13C signatures indicative of substantial corn consumption from human food waste. However, δ15N signatures positively correlated with urbanization, suggesting heightened animal protein intake in urban habitats. Elevated δ15N signatures may also result from the use of fertilizers in urban areas. Future avenues involve using stable isotope mixing models to pinpoint dietary sources and exploring the health and reproductive ramifications of urban diets, including effects on gut microbiome composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".