Carotenoid cellular uptake and antioxidant activity from differently cooked semolina and whole wheat pasta
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the impact of the food matrix and cooking duration on the cellular uptake of lutein from refined semolina (RS) and whole wheat flour (WWF) durum wheat pasta cooked to al dente (Al), fully cooked (FCT), and overcooked (OC). Cellular antioxidant actions of carotenoid from digested and cooked pasta samples against 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress in human Caco-2 cells were also assessed. Results revealed that the percentage of lutein cellular uptake was below 10 %. Cooking duration was non-significant in the cellular uptake of lutein. There were no significant differences in bioaccessibility and uptake efficiency between RS and WWF pasta. Antioxidant actions of carotenoid against AAPH-induced oxidative stress showed an efficient cytoprotective effect and intracellular oxidative stress attenuation. This was, however, flour type and concentration dependent. Intricate physical and chemical structural changes in the pasta matrix might have accounted for the observed differences. Hence, carotenoid absorption and protection against oxidants are mediated by pasta cooking and the overall food matrix, as they affect the digestive outcome of carotenoids. Understanding the effects of food processing can help improve the functionality of pasta carotenoids and enhance their ability to reach target organs and promote optimum health. • Lutein cellular uptake is lower than its bioaccessibility among cooked pasta samples. • Pasta cooking duration is insignificant in the uptake efficiency of lutein. • Cellular antioxidant activity of carotenoids is affected by pasta cooking duration. • Pasta microstructure is impacted by the different cooking durations
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it