PIV investigation of the effects of simulated ice blocks on the turbulent flow dynamics around a partially submerged horizontal circular cylinder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a novel particle image velocimetry study of the effects of stationary upstream ice blocks on the turbulent flow dynamics around a single, fixed ice boom pontoon. The pontoon was modelled using a half-submerged horizontal circular cylinder. Different lengths, thicknesses, and undersurfaces of the ice blocks were examined. The Reynolds number was maintained at 25,500. The results show that the cylinder encounters an approach flow with lower momentum but higher turbulence intensity when placed behind a long ice block compared to a shorter one, and the presence of undersurface roughness reduces the momentum but enhances the turbulence intensity of the approach flow. The recirculation length, mean velocities, and turbulence levels around the cylinder reduce with increasing ice block length and subsequent roughening of its undersurface. However, a larger recirculation bubble forms from the ice block, and the mean velocities and turbulence levels increase when the ice block thickness increases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".