Baseline Characteristics of Frailty and Disease Stage in Older People Living With CKD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The GOAL trial, a cluster randomized controlled trial, investigated the effect of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) on frail older people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This paper describes the following: (i) participant baseline characteristics, and (ii) their relationship with CKD stage and frailty severity. Methods Sixteen kidney outpatient clinics (clusters) were randomly allocated 1:1 to CGA or usual care. Enrolled frail older people with CKD (Frailty Index [FI] > 0.25; aged ≥65 years or ≥55 if First Nations people) received the intervention allocated to their cluster. CKD was defined as moderate (stages 3 or 4) or severe (stage 5 or 5D), and frailty categorized as moderate (>0.25–<0.36), severe (0.36–<0.45) or very severe (≥0.45). Participant characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Statistical methods appropriate for type of outcome were used to describe the association of frailty and CKD categories with participant characteristics. Results Over a 27-month period, 240 people were recruited (55.7% male, 82.9% White/European). Mean age was 76.9 (SD: 6.6) years and median FI was 0.39 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.32–0.47). The median EQ-5D-5L quality-of-life index score was worse in those with very severe frailty (0.57, IQR: 0.28–0.83) compared to severe frailty (0.85, IQR: 0.67–0.92) and moderate frailty (0.90, IQR: 0.82–0.93) (overall P < 0.001). Median EQ-5D-5L was also worse in those with severe CKD (0.79, IQR: 0.40–0.89), compared to moderate CKD (median 0.87, IQR: 0.73–0.92; P = 0.001). Conclusion This cohort demonstrated poorer quality-of-life scores in those with more severe frailty and more advanced CKD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".