The ‘ten commandments’ for the 2024 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on elevated blood pressure and hypertension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 2024 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension were developed by a multidisciplinary team including patient representatives.1 These ‘ten commandments’ summarize the guideline (Figure 1). Blood pressure classification: A new BP classification is introduced: non-elevated (office BP < 120/70 mmHg), elevated BP (office BP 120–139/70–89 mmHg), and hypertension (office BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg). Diagnosis: Out-of-office BP measurement is recommended for the diagnosis and management of elevated BP and hypertension when logistically and economically feasible (preferred over office BP). Risk assessment: Risk assessment is recommended for persons with elevated BP to identify high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk individuals. Risk assessment follows a step-wise approach: (i) assess for high CVD risk conditions (e.g. established CVD), (ii) predict 10-year risk of CVD, (iii) evaluate for sex-specific and shared risk modifiers, and (iv) consider additional testing with risk tools. Elevated BP with low CVD risk: Lifestyle measures are recommended for elevated BP and low CVD risk (no high CVD risk conditions and 10-year predicted CVD risk < 5% or borderline risk of 5–<10% without risk modifiers or abnormal risk tests). Elevated BP with high CVD risk: For elevated BP and high CVD risk (high risk CVD conditions or 10-year risk ≥ 10% or borderline risk of 5–<10% with risk modifiers or abnormal risk tests), lifestyle measures are recommended initially and after 3 months, if BP remains ≥ 130/80 mmHg, pharmacological BP-lowering treatment is recommended. Hypertension: Lifestyle and pharmacological BP-lowering treatment are recommended for hypertension. Single-pill double combination treatment is recommended initially for most patients. Lifestyle management: Updated lifestyle recommendations include aerobic and resistance training, increasing potassium intake, reducing sodium intake (<2 g/day), healthy diet, maintain normal body-mass index, smoking cessation, and limiting alcohol intake. Blood pressure target: For patients on treatment, a systolic BP target of 120–129 mmHg [including for non-frail older individuals (<85 years)] is recommended. If not possible/tolerated—or in persons ≥ 85 years or with symptomatic orthostasis, moderate-to-severe frailty, or limited lifespan—target a BP that is as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Resistant hypertension: For resistant hypertension, spironolactone (eplerenone if not tolerated), followed by beta blockers and subsequently, additional medications (e.g. alpha blockers) should be considered. Renal denervation may also be considered. Multidisciplinary team: Multidisciplinary approaches are strongly recommended to improve BP control, including task-shifting away from physicians. Summarizing the ‘ten commandments’ of the 2024 ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension. N.B., for the 5th commandment, drug treatment is only for persons with high CVD risk and a repeat confirmed BP of 130/80 mmHg or more after 3 months of lifestyle measures. N.B., For the 5th commandment, drug treatment is only for persons with high CVD risk and a repeat confirmed BP of 130/80 mmHg or more after 3 months of lifestyle measures. ALARA, as low as reasonably achievable; CVD, cardiovascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure C.P.M. is supported by a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Career Development Award (K23HL167659) and has received consulting fees/honorarium from Roche Diagnostic, Abbott Laboratories, New Amsterdam Pharma, and HeartFlow, Inc. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.028 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".