A novel downstream factor in willows replaces the ancestral sex determining gene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sex chromosome turnover has occurred in many groups, and is mediated by the translocation or duplication of apical sex-determining genes, or the replacement of original sex determination genes by new ones. In dioecious plants, the former frequently occurs, while the latter is rarely reported. Here, we assembled four haplotype-resolved chromosome-level genomes from four lineages of the Salix polyclona complex, including three diploids (E, E-TS, and W1) and one autotetraploid (W2). Our analyses reveal that diploids have a ZW/ZZ system, while autotetraploid has a ZZZW/ZZZZ system on chromosome 15. The apical sex-determining genes of Salicaceae, ARR17-like duplicates on chromosomes 15 and 19, which can indirectly turn-on/off the expression of PISTILLATA (PI) gene and determine sex, appears to have lost the function of sex determination in the S. polyclona complex. We found a novel sex determining factor on the 15W of the complex, namely partial PI-like duplicates, which has taken over the function from the ARR17-like duplicates. In conclusion, a new dominant sex-determining gene was recruited in the S. polyclona complex, replacing the ancestral apical sex-determining ARR17-like duplicates. The newly identified partial PI-like duplicates exhibit a direct influence on the downstream intact PI-like duplications, providing valuable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the top-down sex determination pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".