Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Mammalian Cells Individually Expressing Membrane-Associated Magnetosome Proteins I, L, B, and E
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The magnetosome, a membrane-bound iron biomineral formed within magnetotactic bacteria, is a unique model for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporter gene contrast agent. We are translating this technology to mammalian cells by expressing essential magnetosome genes mamI, mamL, mamB, and mamE into MDA-MB-435 human melanoma cells. Currently, these genes are individually expressed in the cell although the future goal is to express all four genes together. We examined the influence of these genes on cellular MRI relaxation rates by culturing cells in the presence and absence of iron-supplemented medium and scanning them at 3 Tesla using a gelatin phantom. Total cellular iron was measured by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and correlated with relaxation rates obtained from phantom experiments. Apart from mamE, magnetosome genes that are individually expressed in mammalian cells grown in iron supplement significantly affected cellular transverse relaxation rates compared to cells grown without iron supplement. Interestingly, mamI, mamL, mamB, and mamE (even though the latter had no effect on relaxation rate) significantly affected cellular iron content. This developing gene-based contrast agent will equip MRI with improvement to imaging sensitivity and the technology to track cellular activities long term.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it