Particle morphology and principal stress direction dependent strength anisotropy through torsional shear testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The major principal stress direction angle ( α σ ) experienced by granular soils varies widely in engineering, causing different strengths. However, how particle morphology affects the strength anisotropy behavior under different α σ remains unclear. To address this gap, this study performed drained hollow cylinder torsional shear tests under different α σ on six granular materials with distinct morphologies. Results highlight the significant dependence of peak strengths of granular materials on both particle morphology and α σ . Increasing particle shape irregularity and surface roughness leads to a considerable enhancement in peak strength, while this peak strength significantly degrades with increasing α σ . Materials with more irregular shapes were found to have a more pronounced strength anisotropy. Furthermore, the initial fabric of particle packings, derived from three-dimensional X-ray microtomography, was used to interpret microscopic mechanisms behind the morphology-dependent strength anisotropy. Irregular-shaped materials display broader preferred particle orientations and higher initial fabric anisotropy compared to relatively regular-shaped materials. This higher morphology-induced fabric anisotropy contributes to strength anisotropy, and a correlation was established for describing this trend. Additionally, an anisotropic failure criterion incorporating fabric anisotropy was developed to characterize the strength envelope for granular materials with diverse shapes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".