Surgically managed incarcerated umbilical hernias in calves hold favorable prognosis: a retrospective analysis of 19 cases (2004–2021)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical signs, surgical management, postoperative complications, and outcomes following herniorrhaphy in calves with incarcerated umbilical hernias. METHODS: This was a retrospective case series. The electronic medical record databases of 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were searched to identify the records of calves that underwent herniorrhaphy for correction of irreducible umbilical hernias between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2021. Data collected included signalment, medical history, results of clinical examination and laboratory testing, ultrasonographic and surgical findings (incarceration vs strangulation), postoperative complications, and outcome. RESULTS: 19 calves with incarcerated umbilical hernias underwent surgical correction. The incarcerated gastrointestinal tract was identified as the abomasum in 11 calves and jejunum in 8 calves. In 9 calves, the intraoperative identification of strangulation led to 4 intestinal resections and 4 partial abomasectomies, with 1 calf being euthanized intraoperatively. Postoperative complications were reported in 3 calves that underwent intestinal resection. Sixteen calves (84%) survived to discharge and had a median survival time of 1,995 days after surgery. No statistically significant differences were observed between calves with or without gastrointestinal tract strangulation in the short-term survival rate, survival time, or number of lactations after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that herniorrhaphy for incarcerated umbilical hernias in calves is associated with a favorable prognosis. Postoperative complications are, however, more frequent in calves with strangulated gastrointestinal tract. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Surgical intervention for incarcerated umbilical hernias in calves generally yields a positive prognosis, particularly in the absence of gastrointestinal tract strangulation, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".