Quinclorac (QCR) Herbicide Induces Hepatotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, and Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Liver (ZF-L) Cells: An Evaluation of a Seized Formulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The seizure of agrochemicals is a persistent issue in Brazil, mainly in states bordering other South American countries, which experience the highest levels of agrochemical confiscations. We evaluated biochemical parameters, including oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of the herbicide quinclorac (QCR) using a sample obtained from a seizure. The herbicide was characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and thermal analysis. Additionally, hemolytic activity, along with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), neutral red (NR), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays in Zebrafish Liver (ZF-L) cells, were performed to assess QCR cytotoxicity. The results showed IC50 values of 19.83 µg/mL for erythrocytes and 1.78 µg/mL, 5.13 µg/mL, and 0.95 µg/mL for MTT, NR, and LDH assays, respectively. A median IC50 of 3.46 µg/mL was used for cholinesterase (COL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) dosages, as well as oxidative stress assays, which revealed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, along with a decrease in total sulfhydryl (SH) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, QCR exposure resulted in elevated AST levels, indicative of liver damage, and a biphasic response in COL activity, with a significant reduction at higher concentrations. Our research indicates that QCR induces hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity via oxidative stress in the ZF-L cell line under in vitro conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".