Plasticity in cryoprotectant synthesis involves coordinated shunting away from pyruvate production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Insects living in temperate regions often accumulate a large amount of glycerol during winter to avoid freezing. This seasonal accrual of glycerol is generally produced from glycogen reserves through the pentose phosphate pathway. An alternative pathway to produce glycerol is through glycolysis, normally used for pyruvate production for eventual ATP synthesis. Aside from seasonal accumulation, some insects will also rapidly increase glycerol production as a short-term response to a sudden cold event, thereby increasing cold hardiness when necessary. In the eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana , this plasticity in cold hardiness is locally adapted, where northern populations produce more glycerol upon cold shock. Here we investigate how glycerol is produced during the rapid plastic response to fluctuating cold conditions, and whether this pathway could be a target of local adaptation. After a period of repeated cold exposure, we found evidence of increased enzyme activity and increased mRNA abundance of several proteins associated with glycolysis, and a downregulation in expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, associated with pentose phosphate. Pyruvate production is prevented through downregulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We found higher overall enzyme activity and glycerol accumulation in a northern population from Alberta, although there was no evidence of an interaction effect between population and cold shock treatment. This is one the first studies to show a mechanistic basis of such plasticity in cold hardiness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".