Sulfate attack on portland-dolomite cement exposed to sodium sulfate solution at 5 ℃ and 20 ℃
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate the sulfate resistance of portland-dolomite cement (PDC) with varying dolomite contents, when exposed to sodium sulfate solution at 5 ℃ and 20 ℃. Visual appearance, expansion, mass change, and compressive strength of PDC mortars were tested, and XRD , FTIR , and SEM analyses were conducted to examine deterioration products and microstructure. Results indicate that at 20 ℃, the incorporation of 10 % dolomite in PDC had a negligible impact on sulfate resistance, whereas higher dolomite replacements of 20 % and 30 % notably diminished it. In contrast, exposure at 5 °C led to more severe deterioration in all PDC samples, regardless of dolomite content, and the higher dolomite content, the poorer resistance to sulfate attack . The increased formation of ettringite and gypsum resulted in reduced sulfate resistance of PDC at 20 ℃. However, at 5 ℃, the presence of dolomite significantly promoted the formation of thaumasite at later stages, which caused initial ettringite and subsequent late-stage thaumasite sulfate attack, ultimately leading to the failure of PDC. The findings suggest that PDC should be carefully considered when used in sulfate-rich environments, particularly at low temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".