Bifunctional MoNi<sub>4</sub>/Nickel Foam Electro‐Catalyst for Ultra‐Efficient Oxidation of High‐Concentration 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural and HER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The electro‐catalytic oxidation of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) provides an attractive route to produce 2, 5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) as a substitute for terephthalic acid used in the plastics industry. Herein, we prepared MoNi 4 alloy on nickel foam (NF) using a simple hydrothermal method followed by hydrogen reduction. Applied MoNi 4 /NF as the bifunctional electrodes for the electro‐catalytic HMF oxidation reaction (HMFOR) and HER, 98.7 % FDCA yield and 97.3 % Faraday efficiency (FE) can be achieved even with HMF concentration as high as 200 mM. Notably, no obvious deactivation was observed after ten consecutive cycles. In‐situ Raman, XANES and EXAFS results show that the nickel species of MoNi 4 /NF is first oxidized to Ni 3+ species under the applied voltage, and after undergoing the electro‐catalytic HMFOR, then reduced to Ni 2−δ state (with a valence between 0 and +2) due to the electron‐donating effect from Mo. MoNi 4 /NF with more than one electron transfer between Ni 3+ and Ni 2−δ during the HMFOR enables it to have excellent electro‐catalytic oxidation ability toward HMFOR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".