In vitro inhibition of Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum, the causal agent of banana Xanthomonas Wilt, using medicinal plant extracts from North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Banana Wilt caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum ( Xvm ), has emerged as a significant threat to food security in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Currently, the only means of combatting this biotic constraint is through best agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of medicinal plants used in the Kivu provinces in inhibiting Xvm . Three in vitro experiments were conducted at laboratories of Uganda's National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in South Kivu. The bacterial samples were collected from infected field-grown banana plants in South Kivu and isolated on Yeast Extract Peptone Agar (YPGA). Pure Xvm colonies were used for identification via i) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers and, ii) greenhouse inoculation trials. A completely randomized design was used for the three inhibition tests (1) on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) using disc diffusion with 10 plant extracts; (2) in liquid YPG Broth using 10 plant extracts; and (3) on MHA using disc diffusion with 19 plant extracts. The first two trials used plant extracts diluted in petroleum ether, while the third trial used 19 plant extracts diluted in methanol. After maceration, filtration, and solvent evaporation, 10 mg of extract was diluted in 80 µl of distilled water + 10 µl of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Ten µl of this solution was impregnated on perforated discs of Whatman filter paper. Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Ricinus communis (castor) were the most effective plant extracts in suppressing Xvm . Of the thirteen plant species identified as effective against the pathogen, the Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae families were the most represented. Based on these results, evaluating the effectiveness of the most promising plant extracts in disinfecting the metal blades of garden tools is recommended. In addition, various phytochemical groups present in plant extracts could be evaluated for their effectiveness in suppressing Xvm , especially phenols and tannins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".