Phylogeny, biogeography and morphological evolution of the treehopper‐like leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Megophthalminae and Ulopinae
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recent phylogenetic analyses of anchored‐hybrid, transcriptomic and morphological data have consistently recovered a clade comprising the three previously recognized families of treehoppers (Hemiptera), Aetalionidae, Melizoderidae and Membracidae, as well as two groups traditionally included in the leafhopper family Cicadellidae as subfamilies Megophthalminae and Ulopinae. To reconstruct the phylogeny of these two groups of treehopper‐like leafhoppers, maximum likelihood and multi‐species coalescent analyses were performed on a molecular DNA dataset consisting of ~700 anchored hybrid loci representing 84 terminal taxa. Analyses based on different dataset subsets and approaches yielded largely congruent topologies, although the relationships among Megophthalminae, Ulopinae and treehoppers are still unstable. The monophyly of both subfamilies is strongly supported, but several tribes, including Agalliini, Cephalelini, Megophthalmini and Ulopini, are recovered as non‐monophyletic. The origin of Megophthalminae and Ulopinae was estimated as early Cretaceous (~140 million years ago), and the divergence within each subfamily began in the mid‐Cretaceous. Continental‐scale biogeographic structure is evident in these two groups, with genera occurring on the same continent tending to group together regardless of tribal placement, suggesting that extensive morphological convergence occurred among faunas inhabiting different regions. Ancestral microhabitat reconstruction suggested that megophthalmine and ulopine leafhoppers originally lived on trees or shrubs and later several groups evolved independently to inhabit leaf litter and soil. Convergent modifications of the ocelli, forewings and hindwings accompanied changes in microhabitat preference.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it