Postanesthetic rhabdomyolysis in 7 warmblood horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical findings, outcomes, and muscle histopathology in warmblood horses that developed severe rhabdomyolysis in the perianesthetic period despite remaining stable while under general anesthesia. ANIMALS: 7 warmblood horses, 6 geldings and 1 mare, with a median age of 9 years (range, 4 to 18 years) and median weight of 615 kg (range, 550 to 703 kg). Records from the Valberg Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory and Michigan State University were reviewed (2016 to 2023) to identify warmbloods with postanesthetic myopathy (PAM). CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Warmblood horses with no history of myopathy developed PAM after remaining stable while under general anesthesia. Five of 7 horses were in regular work prior to anesthesia, and activity level was unknown in 2 horses. Time to standing in recovery was prolonged, 3 horses were euthanized due to persistent recumbency, and rhabdomyolysis recurred in 4 horses 5 to 11 days after anesthesia, with 1 surviving. Horses had muscle stiffness, pain, and sweating and struggled to remain standing. As PAM developed, serum creatine kinase activity and lactate concentrations (12 ± 7 mmol/L; n = 5) were markedly increased. RESULTS: At necropsy, histopathology revealed complete glycogen depletion (5 of 7), acute myodegeneration (6 of 7), and chronic active myodegeneration of representative skeletal muscle samples. A semimembranosus biopsy obtained 14 days after anesthesia from the survivor had rare glycogen-depleted fibers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Warmblood horses are susceptible to fatal PAM characterized by acute myodegeneration, lactic acidosis, and muscle glycogen depletion that occurs up to 11 days after anesthesia. In horses with delayed recovery after anesthesia, monitoring for 2 weeks after anesthesia, including assessment of serum creatine kinase activity and blood lactate, could potentially improve outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".