Proteome of Clothianidin Exposed Honey Bees Reveals a Possible Mechanism Behind Impairment of Sucrose Responsiveness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neonicotinoids (NNIs) are the most commonly used insecticides in the world and clothianidin, a type of NNI, is commonly found in honey bee collected pollen. Clothianidin has several negative effects on honey bee health and behaviour, but whether and how it might impact learning and memory remains unclear. Therefore, we exposed honey bee workers to a field‐realistic oral dose of clothianidin for 7 days to assess their sugar responsiveness, and olfactory learning and memory using the proboscis extension response paradigm. Sugar responsiveness impacts important colony‐level traits, such as onset of foraging, that help maintain colony homeostasis as well as impacts learning and memory. We then measured how clothianidin alters protein expression in the brain in an effort to understand the mechanism(s) of clothianidin's effects. Clothianidin‐exposed bees had impaired sugar responsiveness, but no effect was seen on learning and memory. We identified 5069 protein groups and showed that the exposed bees had fewer detectable proteins. The exposed bees also had fewer mitochondrial respiration proteins, as well as reduced levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (nAChRα7) subunit (one of the targets of clothianidin) and reduced levels of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase‐2 levels. In the exposed bees, the levels of nAChRα7 subunit positively correlated with sugar responsiveness, providing evidence for a possible mechanical explanation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".