Prognostication with Thyroid GuidePx in the context of tall cell variants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The tall cell variant of papillary thyroid cancer generally has a worse prognosis compared with the classical variant. Thyroid GuidePx is a genomic classifier capable of classifying papillary thyroid cancer into 3 molecular subtypes using fine-needle aspirate. Type 1 and 2 have low recurrence rates, particularly in early tumors (1-4 cm and N0). Type 3 is characterized by aggressive biology and high recurrence rates regardless of size and lymph node status. The study examines the interaction of tall cell variant histology with Thyroid GuidePx risk stratification. METHODS: Gene expression data from 736 patients (The Cancer Genome Atlas, Canada, and South Korea), were submitted to the Thyroid GuidePx classifier. Results across the 3 molecular subtypes were further dichotomized into "early" papillary thyroid cancer (tumor size 1-4 cm and N0) (n = 369; 51%) or "advanced" papillary thyroid cancer (n = 359; 49%). Structural recurrence was the primary outcome measure in our analysis. Transcriptomic and genomic analysis was conducted to explore what biological differences could account for clinical differences between tall cell variant and non- tall cell variants. RESULTS: Thyroid GuidePx identified 369 early papillary thyroid cancers: 129 (35%) type 1, 168 (45.5%) type 2, and 72 (19.5%) type 3. The recurrence rates for early type 1, type 2, and type 3 papillary thyroid cancers were 3.9%, 1.9%, and 19.4%, respectively. There were no type 1 tall cell variants. In type 2 papillary thyroid cancers, the incidence of tall cell variant was greater in advanced than early papillary thyroid cancers (10.2% vs 4.2%, P = .04). Notably, none of the 7 early type 2 tall cell variants recurred. In type 3 papillary thyroid cancers, the prevalence of tall cell variants was similar in early and advanced tumors (10% vs 9%, NS). When compared with non-tall cell variants, early type 3 tall cell variants trended toward greater recurrence (28.6% vs 18.5%, not significant) whereas advanced type 3 tall cell variants had a significantly greater recurrence rate (50% vs 28.6%, P = .01). Biologically, type 3 tall cell variants had had a pronounced enrichment in cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and inflammation. CONCLUSION: Thyroid GuidePx reliably identifies a low-risk subgroup (early type 1 and early type 2 papillary thyroid cancers) for which conservative procedures would be appropriate. Tall cell variants in this subgroup are uncommon (1.2%), and none of the tall cell variants in this subgroup recurred. Type 3 papillary thyroid cancers have greater recurrence rates in both early and advanced papillary thyroid cancers. Tall cell variant appears to further increase recurrence in this subgroup.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".