Enhancing compatibility and biodegradability of polylactic acid/biomass composites through torrefaction of forest residue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of torrefaction on forest residue (FR) and its subsequent application as a bulk-loading filler in polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Torrefaction enhanced the chemical properties of FR, improving its compatibility with PLA, and the crystallinity increased from 24.9% to 42.5%. The process also improved the hydrophobicity of PLA/biomass composites, as demonstrated by the water contact angle of 76.1°, closely matching that of neat PLA (76.4°). With the introduction of 20% modified biomass properties after torrefaction treatment, the tensile strength of PLA/biomass composite increased from 58.7 to 62.3 MPa. Additionally, the addition of torrefied forest residue (TFR) accelerated biodegradation by increasing the onset of degradation and inhibiting crystallization. After 90 d, the biodegradability of PLA/biomass composites reached 94.9%, which had a 6.9% increase compared to the neat PLA (88.8%). Overall, this study highlights the potential of torrefaction in enhancing both the physical properties and biodegradability of PLA-based composites, contributing to a more sustainable approach to reducing plastic pollution.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".