Contrasting the clinical and biological characteristics of young and old COPD patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background The ECLIPSE study was a large, international, prospective, controlled, observational study that included COPD patients (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades 2–4), as well as smoking and non-smoking participants with normal spirometry, aged 40–75 years, who were followed-up regularly for 3 years. Here we sought to contrast the clinical and biological characteristics of young COPD versus controls of similar age and older COPD patients included in ECLIPSE. Methods We compared 106 young (<50 years) and 488 old (>70 years) COPD patients, as well as 119 young smokers and 92 nonsmoker controls (<50 years) with normal spirometry. Results Young COPD patients: 1) were more symptomatic than young controls, often reported a family history of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, as well as a personal history of asthma and bronchitis, and suffered from a similar disease burden to older patients; 2) were at higher risk of substantial forced expiratory volume in 1 s decline over time; and 3) had reduced serum levels of CC16 (a lung-derived anti-inflammatory protein that relates to lung damage) and, at the same time, reduced pro-inflammatory markers compared to older COPD patients. Conclusions Young COPD patients suffer from significant disease burden, display an altered biomarker and disease progression profile reflected by an accelerated risk of lung function decline highlighting the need for early life diagnosis, prevention approaches and treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".