Pore formation and evolution mechanisms during hydrocarbon generation in organic-rich marl
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Marine organic-rich marl is not only a high-quality hydrocarbon source of conventional oil and gas, but also a new type and field of unconventional oil and gas exploration. An understanding of its pore structure evolution characteristics during a hydrocarbon generation process is theoretically significant and has application prospects for the exploration and development of this special type of natural gas reservoirs. This study conducted thermal simulation of hydrocarbon generation under near-geological conditions during a whole process for cylinder samples of low mature marine organic-rich marl in the Middle Devonian of Luquan, Yunnan Province, China. During this process, hydrocarbon products at different evolution stages were quantified and corresponding geochemical properties were analyzed. Simultaneously, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and low-pressure gas adsorption (CO 2 , N 2 ) tests were applied to the corresponding cylinder residue samples to reveal the mechanisms of different types of pore formation and evolution, and clarify the dynamic evolution processes of their pore systems. The results show that with an increase in temperature and pressure, the total oil yield peaks at an equivalent vitrinite reflectance (VR o ) of 1.03% and is at the maximum retention stage of liquid hydrocarbons, which are 367.51 mg/g TOC and 211.67 mg/g TOC, respectively. The hydrocarbon gas yield increases continuously with an increase in maturity. The high retained oil rate at the peak of oil generation provides an abundant material basis for gas formation at high maturity and over-maturity stage. The lower limit of VR o for organic matter (OM) pore mass development is about 1.6%, and bitumen pores, organic-clay complex pores together with intergranular pores, grain edge seams and dissolution pores constitute a complicated pore-seam-network system, which is the main reservoir space for unconventional carbonate gas. Pore formation and evolution are controlled synergistically by hydrocarbon generation, diagenesis and organic-inorganic interactions, and the pattern of pore structure evolution can be divided into four stages. A pore volume (PV) and a specific surface area (SSA) are at their highest values within the maturity range of 1.9% to 2.5%, which is conducive to exploring unconventional natural gas.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it