Long-Term Changes in Composition and Distribution of Bumblebees in Urban Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The distribution of bumblebee species in Wrocław (SW Poland) was studied based on data from ten UTM grid squares between 1879 and 2018, and the composition and abundance of bumblebee species between 2011 and 2018. The results were compared with historical data available for the last 139 years, including published materials and collections of the Museum of Natural History (University of Wrocław). Twenty-six bumblebee species, including six species of cuckoo bumblebees of the subgenus Psithyrus , were recorded. One species was not confirmed during the later period, nine were strongly decreasing both in the range of distribution, seven other were expanding significantly in Wrocław and three were new in the Wrocław city boundaries. Negative and positive tendencies resulted from both anthropogenic and natural factors. All bumblebees that appeared in the city of Wrocław and increased their abundance were species that prefered forest and shrub areas, while species that disappeared from the city and decreased in numbers were species who prefered open areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".