Impact of postpartum hospital length of stay on infant gut microbiota: a comprehensive analysis of vaginal and caesarean birth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The primary concern with prolonged hospitalization following birth is the risk of acquiring hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) caused by opportunistic bacteria, which can alter the early establishment of gut microbiota. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between postpartum hospital length of stay (LOS) and the composition of gut microbiota at 3 and 12 months of age according to birth mode. METHODS: In total, 1313 Canadian infants from the CHILD Cohort Study were involved in this study. Prolonged LOS was defined as ≥2 days following vaginal delivery (VD) and ≥3 days following caesarean section (CS). The gut microbiota of infants was characterized by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of faecal samples at 3-4 months and 12 months of age. FINDINGS: Following prolonged LOS, VD infants with no exposure to intrapartum antibiotics had a higher abundance of bacteria known to cause HAIs in their gut, including Enterococcus spp. at 3 and 12 months, Citrobacter spp. at 3 months, and Clostridioides difficile at 12 months. Abundance of Enterococcus spp. or Citrobacter spp. at 3 months significantly mediated the association between LOS and low abundance of Bacteroidaceae, or higher Enterococcaeae/Bacteriodaceae or Enterobacterales/Bacteroidaceae abundance ratios at 12 months of age in VD infants without intrapartum antibiotic exposure. HAI-causing Enterobacterales were also more abundant in later infancy in infants with prolonged LOS following CS. In the absence of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months or any breastfeeding at 12 months, Porphyromonadaceae (of Bacteroidota) were depleted in CS infants with prolonged LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged hospital stay after birth is associated with infant gut dysbiosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".