Synthesis, characterization, and efficacy of alkali-activated materials from mine tailings: A review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Annually, over 5 billion metric tons of tailings are produced worldwide as byproducts of mining processes, posing significant environmental risks due to their potential to pollute and disrupt ecosystems. Concurrently, the production of portland cement (PC), the primary binder in cementitious materials is a major contributor to global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. With the escalating demand for PC, a corresponding surge in carbon emissions is inevitable. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) present a greener alternative to PC, given their production primarily utilizes industrial wastes. Traditional precursors for AAMs, such as fly ash and slag, however, are not universally available-Canada, for instance, faces a scarcity of fly ash for AAM production. In response to the dual challenges of managing mine tailings and reducing PC's environmental footprint, this review proposes the innovative use of mine tailings as an alternative binder to PC. This paper offers a thorough examination of mine tailings' properties, methodologies to enhance their suitability for AAM synthesis, and an analysis of AAMs produced from diverse tailing sources. Additionally, this paper explores the associated challenges and future prospects, providing a rounded overview of this promising avenue in sustainable construction materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".