Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Paired Samples of Blood and Indoor Dust from the United States
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Previous studies of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in the indoor environment have reported widespread presence of QAC in indoor dust. However, there are limited data on the contribution of dust ingestion to the QAC body burden. In this study, 18 QACs (6 benzylalkyldimethylammonium compounds [BACs], 6 dialkyldimethylammonium compounds [DADMACs], and 6 alkyltrimethylammonium compounds [ATMACs]) were analyzed in 81 paired samples of blood serum and dust collected in Indiana, United States. QACs were detected in 51–100% of the dust samples with the total QAC concentrations (∑QAC) ranging from 0.613 to 427 μg/g (median 56.9 μg/g). In contrast to dust samples, QACs were detected less frequently in blood serum with a median ∑QAC concentration of 3.66 ng/mL. The relative source contribution (RSC) of dust ingestion to serum levels was calculated using the PROTEX (PROduction-To-EXposure) model and was estimated as less than 1%, suggesting that hand-to-mouth contact, dietary intake, or inhalation could be more important exposure routes than dust ingestion. This is the first study to simultaneously measure QAC concentrations in indoor dust and blood, providing comprehensive assessment of the role of dust ingestion in QAC human exposure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it