Psychometrics of Wearable Devices Measuring Physical Activity in Ambulant Children With Gait Abnormalities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate psychometrics of wearable devices measuring physical activity (PA) in ambulant children with gait abnormalities due to neuromuscular conditions. <h3>Data Sources</h3> We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus in March 2023. <h3>Study Selection</h3> We included studies if (1) participants were ambulatory children (2-19y) with gait abnormalities, (2) reliability and validity were analyzed, and (3) peer-reviewed studies in the English language and full-text were available. We excluded studies of children with primarily visual conditions, behavioral diagnoses, or primarily cognitive disability. We performed independent screening and inclusion, data extraction, assessment of the data, and grading of results with 2 researchers. <h3>Data Extraction</h3> Our report follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We assessed methodological quality with Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health measurement instruments. We extracted data on reported reliability, measurement error, and validity. We performed meta-analyses for reliability and validity coefficient values. <h3>Data Synthesis</h3> Of 6911 studies, we included 26 with 1064 participants for meta-analysis. Results showed that wearables measuring PA in children with abnormal gait have high to very high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]<sub>+, test-retest reliability</sub>=0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.89; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup>=88.57%; ICC<sub>+, interdevice reliability</sub>=0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup>=71.01%) and moderate to high validity in a standardized setting (<i>r</i><sub>+, construct validity</sub>=0.63; 95% CI, 0.36-0.89; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup>=99.97%; <i>r</i><sub>+, criterion validity</sub>=0.68; 95% CI, 0.57-0.79; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup>=98.70%; <i>r</i><sub>+, criterion validity cutoff</sub> <sub>point based</sub>=0.69; 95% CI, 0.58-0.80; <i>I</i><sup>2</sup>=87.02%). The methodological quality of all studies included in the meta-analysis was moderate. <h3>Conclusions</h3> There was high to very high reliability and moderate to high validity for wearables measuring PA in children with abnormal gait, primarily due to neurological conditions. Clinicians should be aware that several moderating factors can influence an assessment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".