Crural and costal diaphragm activity diverge during REM sleep
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<bold>Introduction:</bold> During sleep, respiratory control and mechanics change: upper airway resistance, ventilatory response to CO2 and O2, diminished activity of chest wall and abdominal muscles. However, influence of sleep stage on costal (COS) and crural (CRU) diaphragm is not known. Methods Data N=10 canines, from a database completed in 2009, was analyzed breath by breath. Signals recorded mean 9 days after implantation of sonomicrometers and EMG electrodes into COS and CRU. Ventilation and length, shortening, and EMG were examined, during wakefulness (AWAKE), non REM (NREM) and REM sleep. Results Through AWAKE, NREM and REM, tidal volume was preserved, while Minute Ventilation, and frequency decreased significantly during NREM and REM (p< 0.01). Inspiratory flow (VT/Ti) was sleep stage dependent, decreasing AWAKE to NREM, then decreasing more with REM (p< 0.01). Concurrently, baseline length and EMG activity were not different, but COS and CRU action diverged significantly during sleep stages. COS length change per breath (shortening) increased as peak EMG activity increased, in NREM and REM – a stepwise increase in contractility. In contrast, CRU shortening showed little increase as EMG activity increased, then decreased significantly in REM compared to NREM (p< 0.01). <fig><object-id>erj;64/suppl_68/PA4461/F1</object-id><object-id>F1</object-id><object-id>F1</object-id><graphic></graphic></fig> Conclusion. As breathing pattern changes during sleep stage, there is divergence of diaphragm segmental action with notable decrease in crural diaphragm shortening during REM sleep.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".