The study of endothelin-1 in venous and arterial blood in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 critically ill patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to measure endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the venous and arterial circulation of mechanically ventilated COVID-19-induced ARDS patients and to investigate whether abnormal metabolism of ET-1 prognosticates poor outcomes. ET-1 was measured in 18 mechanically ventilated COVID-19-induced ARDS patients, with simultaneous blood draw from the central vein and from a peripheral arterial line catheter, on days 1 and 3 following ICU admission. Two age- and sex-matched non-COVID-19 control groups were also used [mechanically ventilated non-COVID-19 critically ill (N=20) and ARDS (N=14) patients]. Venous and arterial ET-1 levels were measured in all patients. COVID-19-induced ARDS patients had statistically higher arterial and venous ET-1 levels compared to non-COVID-19 ARDS and critically ill patients (p<0.05). On ICU admission, the arterial:venous (A:V) ET-1 ratio was abnormal (1.1±0.07) only in the non-COVID-19 ARDS patients. The A:V ratio was 0.78±0.1 in the COVID-19-induced ARDS patients and 0.82±0.09 in the non-COVID-19 critically ill patients (p<0.05). On the 3rd day, the A:V ratio in all three groups was <1. The COVID-19 patient group was then subdivided based on 28-day mortality. Although arterial and venous levels did not differ, the A:V ratio tended to be higher (p= 0.07) on ICU admission in the non-survivors. Measurement of ET-1 clearance on ICU admission might be useful in stratifying COVID-19 critically ill patients according to outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".