Evaluating the relationship between respiratory muscle electromyography and ultrasound in healthy subjects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<bold>Introduction:</bold> Respiratory muscle function may be evaluated using non-invasive tests, including parasternal or diaphragm surface electromyography (EMG<sub>para</sub>, EMG<sub>di</sub>) and thoracic ultrasound (US). The relationship between respiratory muscle EMG and US indices has not previously been evaluated. <bold>Methods:</bold> Healthy subjects performed spirometry, sniff, maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures (SNIP, MIP, MEP). Tidal and sniff US<sub>di</sub> excursion and end-tidal inspiratory parasternal thickness were assessed. EMG<sub>para</sub> and US-guided EMG<sub>di</sub> were performed to measure neural respiratory drive index (NRDI). Data are reported as mean (±SD) or median (IQR). Pearson or Spearman correlation analyses were performed as appropriate. <bold>Results:</bold> Twenty subjects (12 females, mean age 33.45±8.97 years) had: FEV<sub>1</sub> 99±12%pred, FVC 102±13%pred, SNIP 89±30 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, MIP 86±35 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, MEP 102±47 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. NRDI<sub>para</sub> was 113 (59-251)%·bpm and NRDI<sub>di</sub> was 90 (40-184)%·bpm. Sniff US<sub>di</sub> excursion was 2.48 (1.90-2.90) cm, tidal US<sub>di</sub> was 1.97 (1.47-2.10) cm. Right and left parasternal thickness were 0.36±0.15 and 0.33±0.14 cm, respectively. Inverse correlations were found between NRDI<sub>para</sub> and sniff US<sub>di</sub> excursion (r=-0.58, p=0.01) and SNIP (r=-0.69, p=0.001), and NRDI<sub>di</sub> and sniff US<sub>di</sub> (r=-0.45, p=0.04) and SNIP (r=-0.46, p=0.04). SNIP was positively correlated to sniff US<sub>di</sub> excursion (r=0.57, p=0.01). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In healthy subjects, surface electromyography of parasternal intercostal muscles and diaphragm is related to US-measured diaphragm excursion. Evaluation of these non-invasive tests of respiratory muscle function in disease states where there is load capacity imbalance of the respiratory muscle pump is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".