After second year male European Starlings ( <i>Sturnus vulgaris</i> ) do not signal age through repertoire size or song bout length over a 1‐year period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In many passerine species, male song functions as an honest signal of male quality. Male age is one of these qualities, yielding benefits that are direct (e.g. breeding experience) and/or indirect (e.g. viability and good genes). Male European Starlings Sturnus vulgaris are open‐ended learners with long and complex songs that add songs to their repertoire throughout their life. We investigated whether repertoire size and song bout duration change with respect to male age from one year to the next in an Atlantic Canadian population of European Starlings. We found that male repertoire size and song bout length did not increase significantly in ASY (after second year) males over a 1‐year period. Similarly, we did not detect a relationship between male condition and either repertoire size or song bout length from this small sample. Other aspects of song may be better at signalling male age to females in our population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".