Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene insecurity and infectious disease outbreaks among internally displaced populations in Gaza: Implications of conflict-driven displacement on public health
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the impact of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) insecurity on the health of displaced populations and identify key factors associated with the spread of infectious diseases. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including both quantitative and qualitative components. The quantitative component involved a cross-sectional survey of 1,500 displaced persons across five Gaza Strip governorates from 3 April to 6 August 2024. The sample size was calculated to ensure statistical significance and representativeness of the population. Data on the incidence of infectious diseases were collected and adjusted for the sample size. The qualitative component included in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with a subset of participants to gain insights into their experiences and coping strategies. The quantitative analysis revealed high incidence rates of various infectious diseases among the displaced population. Diarrhea and acute respiratory infections were the most prevalent, with incidence rates of 24.9 and 49.3%, respectively. Other significant findings included rates of skin rash (3.7%), scabies (2.5%), and acute viral hepatitis (5.6%). Qualitative data highlighted severe WaSH-related challenges, including inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities. Participants reported widespread health issues, psychological distress, and resource scarcity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".