Observational Report on Functional SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses in Immune Competent and Compromised Individuals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Durable immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 are generally observed in previously infected individuals. Immunocompromised individuals may show less durable responses. Investigation of immune responses is needed to inform individuals on whether measures such as boosters may be advisable. Methods Three SARS-CoV-2 ELISA tests were utilized to monitor responses in 82 individuals in the United States [nucleocapsid protein (N)-specific antibody and spike RBD (receptor binding domain)-specific neutralizing antibody (nAb), and spike-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release by T cells]. De-identified case reports highlight results for this cohort; 21 previously infected and vaccinated, 57 never infected and vaccinated, 2 breakthrough infections post-vaccination and 2 neither infected nor vaccinated. Results The vaccines generated nAb responses in naïve donors, and in previously infected individuals with waning responses, immunosuppression, or weak infection responses. The cutoff for the nAb potency was established at 41.1 IU/mL when calibrated to the WHO International Standard (IU) using the NCI SARS-CoV-2 Standard. This relationship has the critical potential to allow comparisons of nAb measures to be utilized in studies of correlates of protection. Further, previously infected donors demonstrated robust T cell activity, while vaccinated and infection-naïve individuals had lower responses. Conclusions Calibrated ELISA tests may aid broad vaccination strategies given their low cost and wide accessibility. Additional studies that relate measures of the adaptive responses to immunity from serious disease and infection are needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".