Kinetics of ethane exsolution and dissolution in bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dissolution and exsolution of gases are common in many engineering applications. Dissolution and exsolution occur across a gas-liquid interface when the equilibrium condition is disturbed. This study presents experimentally measured data on the exsolution and dissolution kinetics of ethane and bitumen (a viscous liquid) system across a temperature range of 80–140 °C and pressure differences of 0.69 and 0.35 MPa. Analytical models were adopted to estimate the exsolution and dissolution coefficients from the measured data for the ethane/bitumen system. The diffusivity values for the exsolution and dissolution processes were estimated to range from (2.65–10.48) × 10 −8 m 2 /s and (0.73–6.18) × 10 −9 m 2 /s, respectively, at a pressure difference of 0.69 MPa, and from (1.61–8.33) × 10 −8 m 2 /s and (0.89–10.78) × 10 −9 m 2 /s, respectively, at a pressure difference of 0.35 MPa. For both pressure differences, the exsolution kinetics were shown to be faster than dissolution in the ethane/bitumen system. This was also confirmed by higher activation energy for the exsolution process calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The results offer valuable insights into the kinetics of gas exsolution and dissolution, with applications in designing and optimizing processes where nonequilibrated gases and liquids are brought into contact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".