And Baby Makes Three: Postpartum Changes in Male–Female Affiliative Interactions in White‐Faced Capuchins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In group-living primates, male investment in infants is highly variable. Previous research on polygynandrous primates found that male care of infants, whether direct or indirect, may be a means to increase offspring survival, increase social status, invest in future mating opportunities, and/or invest in future social or coalition partners, any of which may increase fitness outcomes. Relationships between male white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) and infants are highly variable, ranging from neutral to highly affiliative during periods of group stability to lethal during times of instability. We used genetic paternity analysis and behavioral observations to investigate the impact of paternity status, female dominance rank, male dominance rank, and infant sex on changes in rates of affiliation (contact and proximity) between capuchin males and females following the birth of an infant (n = 92 dyads). We used generalized linear mixed models and an information theory approach to select models for averaging. We found that overall rates of male-female affiliation increased following the birth of an infant (contact change: +1.09 ± 2.55%; proximity change: +1.16 ± 3.08%). Infant sex was the only significant explanatory variable; dyads that included males and females who gave birth to male infants experienced a significant increase in their time in contact and proximity in comparison to dyads with females who gave birth to female infants (contact change: p < 0.05 in 2/3 models; proximity change: p < 0.001 in 3/3 models). These findings add to previous data indicating that male capuchins do not recognize their offspring or have the motivation to preferentially invest in their care. We suggest that the observed sex bias may be a form of sex-specific socialization connected to the importance of forming long-term cooperative male bonds that are maintained via male parallel dispersal in this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".