Fusarium species associated with naturally regenerated Fagus sylvatica seedlings affected by Phytophthora
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fusarium diseases in forests, especially in naturally regenerated seedlings, are poorly recognized. Recently the rapid and severe decline of natural regeneration of European beech caused by Phytophthora spp. has been observed in Poland. The diseased beech seedlings were also co-infected by Fusarium species. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the role of Fusarium species that may play a role in the decline of beech seedlings in Poland. A total of 487 Fusarium isolates were obtained from 450 symptomatic and asymptomatic beech seedlings: 466 from symptomatic plants and 21 from asymptomatic plants. Based on comparisons for two genes and phylogenetic analysis, all Fusarium strains were separated into 14 phylogenetically distinct species belonging to four Fusarium species complexes (SC), namely the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), the F. nisikadoi species complex (FNSC), the F. sambucinum species complex (FSSC), and the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC). Fusarium avenaceum and F. paeoniae were the most frequently isolated species from both above- and below-ground organs of seedlings affected by Phytophthora . In the pathogenicity trials, the most virulent species for beech seedlings were F. avenaceum and F. sporotrichioides . However, Fusarium isolates were significantly less aggressive compared to the P. × cambivora (positive control). Our results demonstrate that beech seedlings were frequently colonized by various Fusarium species. Fusarium species do not play an important role in the reduction of naturally regenerated European beech seedlings due to their low aggressiveness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".