A model of proximate protection against pathogenic infection through shared immunity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Drosophila melanogaster exhibits innate immune priming, a mechanism leading to protection upon repeated challenge with a given pathogen. However, whether immunological priming can be propagated from a challenged host to naive bystanders is unknown. Here, we show that priming half a vial of D. melanogaster adult flies with non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria leads to protection of the whole vial from a lethal dose of the insect pathogen, Photorhabdus luminescens . The protective effect observed in these bystander flies was similar in magnitude to that of the E. coli primed hosts themselves but did not require transfer of E. coli to occur. This work broadens the scope of how immunological priming can occur and suggests that infected hosts can produce signals that influence immunity in their neighbors, leading to a shared immune collective. IMPORTANCE Here, we have introduced the new concept of shared immunity and priming by proximity. These findings are of particular significance because they indicate that the presence of compromised hosts can increase the response to the pathogenic challenge of healthy individuals that cohabitate within close distance. This shared immunity may involve proximate boosting of the host’s immune defenses via the sensing of specific chemical, behavioral, or microbial signals. Determining the breadth, mechanistic basis, and translatability of these findings has the potential to transform biomedical research and public health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".