Serum High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein Levels and Cognitive Function in Epilepsy Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disease with a high incidence rate. Cognitive decline is one of the consequences of recurrent seizures. Neuroinflammation is closely related to the development of epilepsy and cognitive impairment. An increase in the expression and translocation of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) from the nucleus to the extracellular space has been observed in epilepsy patients and experimental animal models. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum HMGB1 levels and cognitive function in epilepsy patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study involved 45 epilepsy patients. Cognitive function was assessed using the Indonesian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina), and serum HMGB1 levels were measured using the ELISA technique. The relationship between cognitive function and HMGB1 levels was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 28.5 years, with a higher proportion of females. The mean serum HMGB1 level was 22.6 ng/ml. No significant relationship was found between serum HMGB1 levels and cognitive function in epilepsy patients (p = 0.188). Conclusion: Serum HMGB1 protein levels were not associated with cognitive function in this sample of epilepsy patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".