Transdermal Delivery of Superoxide Dismutase Using Polymeric Microneedle Patches to Inhibit Skin Aging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Skin aging is characterized by a deterioration of skin quality over time resulting from physiological changes and oxidative stress (OS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an effective antioxidant enzyme widely used as a food supplement and cosmetic additive to alleviate OS and retard skin aging. However, conventional SOD delivery routes commonly yield unsatisfactory results due to limited stability, compromised bioavailability, and low absorption efficiency in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These issues are addressed by developing SOD‐encapsulated polymeric microneedle (PMN) patches for efficient transdermal delivery. The use of a highly stable SOD isolated from a hot spring microbe ensures its reactivity throughout PMN fabrication and application. This SOD vehicle demonstrated excellent effectiveness through inhibiting skin‐aging and promoting hair growth as validated by extensive in vivo experiments using D‐galactose (D‐gal) induced aging‐mouse model. SOD‐PMNs promoted excellent regeneration of hair follicles, increased melanin synthesis, decreased lipid oxidation, and elevated antioxidative capacity of skin tissue. The success in effective transdermal delivery of SOD promises wide applicability in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".