Effects of acute exposure to freshwater acidification on developing Oryzias latipes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elevated CO 2 in aquatic environments causes weak acidification. When exposed to weak acidification, regardless of life stage, most fishes undergo some degree of hypercapnia (elevation of CO 2 in the bloodstream). Hypercapnia negatively affects physiological processes and embryo and larval fish are particularly vulnerable to rises in CO 2 . The aim of our study was to understand if weak acidification induced by elevated CO 2 alters the physiology and behaviour of freshwater Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) embryos and larvae. To test this, we treated Japanese medaka embryos and larvae for 24 h with varying levels of weak acidification (pH 7.1 [∼482 μatm], 6.4 [∼2,122 μatm], 6.1 [∼3,280 μatm], 5.8 [∼5,306 μatm], and 5.7 [∼10,130 μatm]) at two developmental stages (72 hpf and 9 dpf). Following the treatment, heart rate, burst activity (movement within the egg), and survival of embryos were quantified. Swimming activity of hatched larvae was also measured. We observed a statistically significant 2-fold decline in heart rate of embryonic Japanese medaka as pH decreased ( P < 0.01). We also found that survival of embryos significantly declined as acidification increased ( P < 0.01). Behaviour of larval fish was significantly altered ( P < 0.001) but not in a pH dependent manner. Our study suggests that weak acidification can cause negative effects to early life stage physiology and that behaviour can be altered. Our results suggest that if fish develop in weakly acidified freshwater there may be unfavourable impacts, including mortality at the most extreme levels. • We treated medaka embryos and larvae for 24 h with varying levels of weak acidification at two developmental stages • We observed a decline in heart rate of embryonic Japanese medaka as pH decreased. • We also found that survival of embryos declined at the highest levels of acidification. • Behaviour of larval fish was altered but not in a pH dependent manner. • Our study suggests that weak acidification can cause negative effects to physiological and behavioural aspects of embryonic and larval fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".