Measuring subjective cognitive complaints with covid-19 brain fog using the subjective scale to investigate cognition (SSTICS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The term "brain fog" has emerged from the observations of neuropsychiatric conditions present in post-COVID-19 infections. This is characterized by concentration and memory problems, selective attention disorders and difficulties in executive functions, yet it is unclear how long these deficits may persist and which cognitive functions are most vulnerable. Therefore, there is a need to properly evaluate these cognitive complaints using an assessment tool that specifies their intensity and nature. Our primary objective was to explore subjective perceptions of cognitive functioning in COVID-19-associated with brain fog using a tool that was previously validated for assessing subjective cognitive complaints. A total of 68 participants were recruited and the Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition (SSTICS) was used to assess cognitive complaints. This was the first time that the SSTICS was used for this purpose in subjects with COVID-19. In addition, participants were administered a questionnaire assessing for the presence of various symptoms, as well as COVID-19 clinical parameters. The neuropsychological basis for the construct of the SSTICS was related to the cognitive complaints expressed by participants. A reliability analysis of our sample indicated a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha= 0.951). Associations between various SSTICS scores and COVID-related symptomatology and the differences between group of participants who reported cognitive complaints ("complainers") and those who did not were assessed. We performed an exploratory factorial analysis based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on their distribution, participants were grouped into: "good functioning" - scores 0-9 (35.3%); "medium functioning" - scores 14-23 (25%); and "poor functioning" - scores 26-71 (39.7%). The mean SSTICS score was 20.59 (SD 16.61) and correlated with the quarantine duration and loss of smell. Complainers differed significantly from non-complainers in the total number of symptoms, the quarantine duration and the presence/absence of specific symptoms, such as loss of smell, tiredness and aches/pains. Our study showed that >10% of patients reported subjective cognitive complaints following COVID-19, with most reporting mild or serious cognitive complaints, mostly within the domains of memory, attention, language, executive functioning or praxis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".