Metabolite alterations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and its association with cognitive assessments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the longitudinal metabolite profile of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and to examine its correlation with cognitive assessments. METHODS: Thirteen patients at baseline and ten at follow-up, along with 14 age-, sex-, and handedness-matched healthy controls (HCs), were recruited. Three Tesla with a 64-channel coil, Point-RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence (TR=1500 ms and TE=140 ms) was used. Metabolites in the left DLPFC were quantified using LCModel. Cognitive performance and functional impairment were assessed using the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS) and Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R), respectively. Group comparisons were adjusted for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05, Bonferroni correction). The links between the brain metabolites and cognitive function were investigated using relevant correlation tests (Pearson's or Spearman's). RESULTS: Our analysis revealed a significant difference in the choline-to-creatine ratio (tCho/tCr) among the three groups. Baseline ALS patients showed a higher tCho/tCr ratio than HCs (p = 0.033, Bonferroni-corrected). Interestingly, the total N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA)/tCr ratio, a marker of neuronal health, was strongly positively correlated with visuospatial cognitive scores at baseline and follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, tNAA/tCr was positively correlated with the total scores and specific sub-scores on the ECAS, encompassing both ALS-specific and non-specific cognitive domains. At follow-up, positive correlations emerged between tNAA/tCr and the total language and executive function scores. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolite alterations and correlations with cognition were observed in the left DLPFC of ALS patients, supporting extra-motor involvement and its association with cognitive decline.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".